Great Depression Archives

by Mark Eaker

For those watching the financial markets, events in Europe are front and center. Market participants await announcements by government leaders, finance ministers, central bankers, and economists with anticipation. Depending upon the degree of optimism or pessimism generated by a given announcement, the market reaction leads to hundreds of billions of dollars lost or gained on equities, currencies, bonds and commodities from Frankfurt and London to New York and Tokyo. One might assume that the enormous worldwide impact that events in Europe are having is a function of globalization, new forms of financial engineering, and the speed of information transfer brought about by the Internet. Without doubt each of those has had an impact, but as the Liaquat Ahamed’s superb history of the events leading up to the Great Depression reminds us, it has all happened before.

Lords of Finance is a multiple biography of the four most prominent central bankers of the 1920s: Mantagu Norman of the Bank of England; Benjamin Strong of the New York Federal Reserve Bank ; Emile Moreau of the Banque de France and Hjalmar Schacht of the Reichsbank. There is a colorful supporting cast including the economist John Maynard Keynes, Winston Churchill as Chancellor of Exchequer and Thomas Lamont of J.P. Morgan & Co. However, the focus is on the actions and inactions of the four bankers.

Ahamed did not write the book in anticipation of our reaction to the financial crisis of 2008. He does not draw direct comparisons of the events of the 1920s to those of today. His narrative is an artful description of the roles each of the men played with rich and meaningful insights about their individual characters, their relationships with one another, their ambitions, and their personal struggles. Those insights are not just bits of historical gossip but they are at the heart his explanation of the failure of the United States and Europe to confront the problems that ultimately brought about the Depression and set the stage for the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany.

The historical and biographical details are engrossing. In addition, Ahamed’s economic and investment background allows him to deliver an excellent primer on currency, the gold standard, and international banking.

Although Ahamed does not relate the events or lessons to today’s problems, it is hard for a reader to refrain from doing so. At the root of Europe’s problem was the debt burden imposed on Germany in the form of reparations after World War I and the decisions made to return to the gold standard at pre-war rates of exchange. Today’s problems are also related to excessive external sovereign debts and a Euro currency mechanism, which, like the gold standard, eliminates devaluation as an instrument of economic policy. In the 1920s, the economic prescription was austerity and it is the same medicine being prescribed today.

Let’s hope for a better outcome and that someday another author will describe the events of our era as well as Ahamed does the 1920s.

Photo Credits:

John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White at the 1946 Bretton Woods Conference (Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Commons)

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1936 (Photo Courtesy of The New York Public Library. Photography Collection: Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs)

by David A. Conrad

In 1938, Warner Brothers released a movie destined to become a classic. The Adventures of Robin Hood starred Errol Flynn, the greatest action hero of his generation, in top swashbuckling form. His lovely leading lady was Olivia de Havilland, a show-stealing actress who later landed a memorable supporting role in 1939’s Gone with the Wind. The production team included director Michael Curtiz and producer Hal B. Wallis, who later teamed up to create 1943’s enduring wartime romance Casablanca. Erich Wolfgang Korngold, one of the top film composers of the day, set The Adventures of Robin Hood to music. The film was shot in brilliant Technicolor on a then-exorbitant budget of two million dollars. It raked in twice that amount at the box office and went on to win three Oscars at the 11^th Academy Awards.

Brilliant casting and top-quality production do not, however, fully explain The Adventures of Robin Hood‘s success. The timing of its release coincided with an economic downturn. The year 1938 saw the United States hit 19% unemployment, an increase of roughly five percentage points over the previous year. Gross domestic product also declined. It was a recession within a depression, a particularly bad year in a string of bad years stretching back to 1929. Warner Brothers’ lighthearted (and very expensive) Robin Hood movie seems, at first glance, incongruous within this context of real economic pain. No doubt filmgoers enjoyed the chance to immerse themselves in a fantasy world of costumes and chivalry, but escapism was only part of The Adventures of Robin Hood‘s winning formula.

Beneath its colorful pageantry and epic adventure, The Adventures of Robin Hood contains a message of sympathy and hope that likely resonated with Depression-weary moviegoers. The bandit of Sherwood Forest is well-known as a champion of the poor and downtrodden. While some Robin Hood productions over the years have downplayed the hero’s penchant for wealth redistribution (see, for example, 2010’s Robin Hood starring Russell Crowe), the 1938 version has no shortage of “robbing from the rich to give to the poor.” A turning point in the film occurs when Robin, having captured a tidy stash of food and clothing intended for Prince John (Claude Rains), gives a skeptical Maid Marian a firsthand look at the impoverishment of Nottingham’s people. This lengthy scene depicts poor, huddled masses standing in line to receive the stolen food, while Robin’s band of outlaws forces Prince John’s men to exchange their finery for the peasants’ rags. By the end of the scene, Marian has a new admiration for Robin’s noble cause, and the audience is left with no doubt as to the moral righteousness of his actions.

The Adventures of Robin Hood spoke to the economic sensibilities of the 1938 viewing public. This factor, combined with the movie’s high production quality and pure entertainment value, helped to guarantee its success with critics and audiences. The film remains in print over seven decades after its initial release, and it attracts new fans with each passing year.

Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed (2009)

The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)

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