by Ana Cecilia Calle

In honor of the centennial of the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, the 2022 Lozano Long Conference focuses on archives with Latin American perspectives in order to better visualize the ethical and political implications of archival practices globally. The conference was held in February 2022 and the videos of all the presentation will be available soon. Thinking archivally in a time of COVID-19 has also given us an unexpected opportunity to re-imagine the international academic conference. This Not Even Past publication joins those by other graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin.  The series as a whole is designed to engage with the work of individual speakers as well as to present valuable resources that will supplement the conference’s recorded presentations. This new conference model, which will make online resources freely and permanently available, seeks to reach audiences beyond conference attendees in the hopes of decolonizing and democratizing access to the production of knowledge. The conference recordings and connected articles can be found here.

En el marco del homenaje al centenario de la Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, la Conferencia Lozano Long 2022 propició un espacio de reflexión sobre archivos latinoamericanos desde un pensamiento latinoamericano con el propósito de entender y conocer las contribuciones de la región a las prácticas archivísticas globales, así como las responsabilidades éticas y políticas que esto implica. Pensar en términos de archivística en tiempos de COVID-19 también nos brindó la imprevista oportunidad de re-imaginar la forma en la que se llevan a cabo conferencias académicas internacionales. Como parte de esta propuesta, esta publicación de Not Even Past se junta a las otras de la serie escritas por estudiantes de posgrado en la Universidad de Texas en Austin. En ellas los estudiantes resaltan el trabajo de las y los panelistas invitados a la conferencia con el objetivo de socializar el material y así descolonizar y democratizar el acceso a la producción de conocimiento. La conferencia tuvo lugar en febrero de 2022 pero todas las presentaciones, así como las grabaciones de los paneles están archivados en YouTube de forma permanente y pronto estarán disponibles las traducciones al inglés y español respectivamente. Las grabaciones de la conferencia y los artículos relacionados se pueden encontrar aquí.

Cristina Rivera Garza’s work is broad, playful, and fertile. Winner of national awards such as the Juan Rulfo prize and international awards such as the Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz prize, her name, ideas, and books appear in conferences, bookstores, literary conversations, and bedside tables more and more frequently. Lucky us. From her first short stories and novels, such as La guerra no importa (1991 San Luis Potosí Short Story Prize, 1987) or Desconocer (1994, Juan Rulfo prize for best first novel), critics and readers have received her hybrid prose with surprise and admiration. Rivera’s work shifts between literary genres, and her characters emerge from fragmentary narrative structures. Her work opens new ways of inhabiting reality, depicting its distortions, pondering grief and delirium, and constructing the archive as a way of living with our dead.

In No One Will See Me Cry (1999), the character of the photographer Joaquín Buitrago turns to the life of Matilde Burgos, a sick woman from the La Castañeda sanatorium in Mexico City, whom he thinks he recognizes when he visited a brothel in Mexico City. Matilde’s madness and suffering are a way of diving into early twentieth century Mexico, understanding her madness as a desire to “leave behind” all the pain inflicted by the Revolution, and Buitrago’s relationship with Burgos as a way of mirroring his own suffering in her pain.

Rivera Garza has stated that the “form” of her texts results from the writing process itself. Writing is a way of “being with” the story. The “shape” or “form” of the text emerges from that particular relationship. The corpus of her work is articulated as the arms, legs, and lungs of a body. I use this image to echo her idea of writing as an activity that happens through the body. Placing writing as a product of the body allows her to distance herself from traditional images of a lonely, gifted, and isolated writer. It also allows us to contemplate her work as coming out of a physical entity and, as such, capable of directly affecting the reality that surrounds it. As she describes in one of her Infraensayos, writing is “stopping in the middle, highlighting the middle […]. Language. A form of corporeity. Stop. Enjoy. A fingerprint.”

From a more theoretical perspective, Rivera Garza’s thinking aligns with what Argentine theorist Josefina Ludmer calls “post-autonomous literatures,” a point she has  made in conferences as well. These works of literature no longer follow the concept of ​​literary autonomy as a guiding principle nor the idea that literature has no direct influence in the world. For Ludmer, post-autonomous writing redefines the boundaries between what is considered literature and not. In her words, “it does not matter whether [post-autonomous literatures] are or aren’t literature. And it is not known, nor it does not matter if they are fact or fiction.” As Rivera Garza’s readers witness in her books, her writing jumps from genres associated with the “real” (ethnography, non-fiction crónica, or memoir) to self-fiction or novel. This torsion allows for the category of the “present” to reach new meaning.

Another key theme in Cristina Rivera Garza’s intellectual production is the will to rewrite. This exercise been central to her literary and educational project since her first books. Writing as re-writing appears in two of her most recent works, Autobiografía del algodón y El invencible verano de Liliana. In rewriting, voices from the past can be heard and re-read, and the archive allows us to re-tell our own story. Voice from the past reappear and walk with us in our present. Faced with the impossibility of finding the judicial file regarding the death of her sister Liliana, who was murdered on July 16, 1990 by her ex-boyfriend Ángel González Ramos, El invencible verano de Liliana dialogues directly with Liliana’s voice. Cristina reconstructs her sister’s last years through her diaries, letters, and written drafts. Rivera Garza creates a “chorus” with the voices of those who most loved and knew Liliana.

This luminous gesture of creating an archive of affects using her younger sister’s writings, letters, and drafts, allows Liliana to live among us, her voice a cry for justice but also a testament of love and care. Feminism traverses this and other books: Liliana is a free woman. Her quest for freedom resonates; the violence inflicted on her body reappears on thousands of bodies of women every year. In this sense, the desire for writing and rewriting in Cristina Rivera Garza’s work is a “choral” desire, a co-authorship, an homage. Also, writing becomes a way to live in a present where the dead and the living coexist and conversate. In sum, writing for Rivera Garza is a policy and an ethics of care. It is not surprising that this choir-like capacity is at the core of recent projects, such as her digital humanities initiative. As she says elsewhere, we are “helpless when we are speechless.” 

Cristina Rivera Garza will be a keynote speaker during the Lozano Long Conference entitled “Archiving Objects of Knowledge with Latin American Perspectives.”  The conference helps celebrate the centennial of the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, and is scheduled as a hybrid event that will take place from Thursday, February 24 through Friday, February 25, 2022. Although the conference will mostly take place online, Cristina Rivera Garza’s voice will be projected live and in person (and livestreamed) the evening of Thursday, February 24 from the Benson Library.

Ana Cecilia Calle holds a PhD from the University of Texas at Austin. Her dissertation, called “Along the Cumbia Beat. Literary, Cultural and Sonic Practices in Colombia and Argentina” has been funded by the Tinker Foundation and the Argentine Studies Center from the Lozano Long Institute for Latin American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. She is founder and editor of Himpar Editores, and dj’s with the all-women, all-vinyl collective Chulita Vinyl Club.

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The views and opinions expressed in this article or video are those of the individual author(s) or presenter(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the editors at Not Even Past, the UT Department of History, the University of Texas at Austin, or the UT System Board of Regents. Not Even Past is an online public history magazine rather than a peer-reviewed academic journal. While we make efforts to ensure that factual information in articles was obtained from reliable sources, Not Even Past is not responsible for any errors or omissions. 

by Rodrigo Salido Moulinié

In honor of the centennial of the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, the 2022 Lozano Long Conference focuses on archives with Latin American perspectives in order to better visualize the ethical and political implications of archival practices globally. The conference was held in February 2022 and the videos of all the presentation will be available soon. Thinking archivally in a time of COVID-19 has also given us an unexpected opportunity to re-imagine the international academic conference. This Not Even Past publication joins those by other graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin.  The series as a whole is designed to engage with the work of individual speakers as well as to present valuable resources that will supplement the conference’s recorded presentations. This new conference model, which will make online resources freely and permanently available, seeks to reach audiences beyond conference attendees in the hopes of decolonizing and democratizing access to the production of knowledge. The conference recordings and connected articles can be found here.

En el marco del homenaje al centenario de la Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, la Conferencia Lozano Long 2022 propició un espacio de reflexión sobre archivos latinoamericanos desde un pensamiento latinoamericano con el propósito de entender y conocer las contribuciones de la región a las prácticas archivísticas globales, así como las responsabilidades éticas y políticas que esto implica. Pensar en términos de archivística en tiempos de COVID-19 también nos brindó la imprevista oportunidad de re-imaginar la forma en la que se llevan a cabo conferencias académicas internacionales. Como parte de esta propuesta, esta publicación de Not Even Past se junta a las otras de la serie escritas por estudiantes de posgrado en la Universidad de Texas en Austin. En ellas los estudiantes resaltan el trabajo de las y los panelistas invitados a la conferencia con el objetivo de socializar el material y así descolonizar y democratizar el acceso a la producción de conocimiento. La conferencia tuvo lugar en febrero de 2022 pero todas las presentaciones, así como las grabaciones de los paneles están archivados en YouTube de forma permanente y pronto estarán disponibles las traducciones al inglés y español respectivamente. Las grabaciones de la conferencia y los artículos relacionados se pueden encontrar aquí.

Mauricio Tenorio thinks with his feet. As his soles touch the asphalt, he feels a piece of one of his dearest obsessions: the city. Not Mexico City specifically, although it might be the one he feels closest to, but the idea of the city. Cities have so much to say. A street in Barcelona, an old building in Chicago, an awkward monument in Washington. D.C., a park in Berlin: they all have stories and a history. And Tenorio, a Professor of History at the University of Chicago and Profesor Asociado at the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City, tells these stories through his work. I like to repeat one about a hidden monument in Mexico City. Inside the column of the Independence monument, the capital’s famous postcard-ready landmark with angel’s wings, the white statue of an obscure figure guards the ashes of Mexico’s founding fathers—a monument of a seventeenth-century Irishman. Tenorio tells the story of Guillerme de Lampart, the “Irish Zorro” who plotted an independence movement with religious undertones in the 1640s—a peculiar reading of the Bible led him to believe that Spain did not have sovereign rights over the Americas. He became a controversial figure in Mexican history. The Inquisition burnt Lampart in 1650, making him a martyr for anti-Church Porfirian liberals. Placing his monument publicly would have surely triggered heated historiographical and political debates, weakening the process of national reconciliation. Thus, Lampart made his way into one of the nation’s central monuments: discretely.^[1] Yet Tenorio’s driving curiosity lies elsewhere: it is not so much about what cities have to say, but how they say it. The location and concealment of Lampart’s monument suggest broader discussions on religion and independence, heroes and martyrs, history and the city. Tenorio explores how cities dictate these stories.

He also walks exactly the way he thinks: long strolls with scattered stops to contemplate a door, a monument, or a hallway; sudden excursions to renovated neighborhoods, abandoned places, and streets with dead ends. He wanders through these cities without a fixed route, yet always with some purpose—the walks become essays. I remember he once told me to meet him on the outskirts of Mexico City. Eight o’clock, sharp. “Let’s take a walk,” he said. What I expected to be a stroll around the block became a two-hour march to a coffee shop in La Condesa. “I’m writing a book about walking,” he told me. I failed to realize what he meant: he was right there, at that moment, writing. Reading and writing, Tenorio argues, are not simultaneous acts; but walking, reading, and writing are. “Because while we think the urban text we write it, we paraphrase it, we correct it. To walk a sentence is to write it.”^[2] The embodied experience of walking through cities intertwines the three acts. I witnessed how walks twin words and steps, language and history, body and consciousness. If they are not the same things, they are at least made from the same thing.

I first met Tenorio in 2017 during a talk in Chimalistac, Mexico City. He presented a paper on the concept of peace—an ugly, dirty, and corrupt business yet an indispensable one, he argued—and its implications in history. Exploring the peace after 1876 and dissecting what it was made of yielded two troubling conclusions: 1. War and decreed forgetting, not ideas or agreements, brought peace. 2. War crawls back in when its horrors vanish in the name of desecrating the dirty business of peace. Memory has an expiration date.^[3] After the talk, my mentor Fernando Escalante introduced us and asked if I would be interested in editing one of professor Tenorio’s manuscripts. I then started working on the manuscript of La paz: 1876, a book that deeply influenced me. It worked with others to steer me away from political science and drive me to history.^[4]

“I am, first and foremost, a reader,” Tenorio replies when asked how he became a historian, “a reader that succumbs to the temptation of writing.” He blows the smoke of his cigar again. After obtaining a degree in Sociology from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, he went to Stanford and had a rough start. He landed in California’s eye of an ongoing storm: the “culture wars” of the 1990s, or as Tenorio calls it, the moment of the “post-this and post-that.”^[5] Learning the English language in those years entailed, for him, an effort in ventriloquism. It was a craft he had mastered in Spanish before: language not only as a means to communicate, but as performance. It seemed like mastering a discourse was more than a means to acquire knowledge, it was knowledge itself. To overcome it, to outgrow the puppet that can only speak about the tip of the iceberg, he started over. “Throw away the puppet and remain silent,” he wrote. “That’s what libraries are for.”^[6]

Discarding the puppet meant finding a new voice, a learned English that works as our current Latin. And it worked. English-writing became something like a turbo engine, a style that demands clarity, structure, getting to the point quickly. Like a good soccer referee, he should become unnoticeable. But it is not a mirror of his voice in Spanish, where ironies, digressions, and quotes from his favorite boleros stand in the way. These obstacles make the writing richer, more interesting, honest, humorous, yet still different. They are experiments rather than expositions. For instance, a month after Mexican artist Juan Gabriel (known as Juanga) died in 2016, Tenorio published a beautiful, personal eulogy in Nexos.^[7] Intertwining song lyrics, memories, sociological and historical analyses, the essay exploits Juanga’s complexity and importance for the nation, but it also shows how indispensable Juanga was for him. For a moment, I thought an expanded version of the text would be a great fit for the Music Matters series of UT Press, a Why Juan Gabriel Matters.^[8] But the project crumbled the moment I went back to the essay and tried to imagine it in English. From the first line, “Quien esto escribe es un cursi,” I knew the idea was doomed to fail. That something that gets lost in translation is precisely the thing Tenorio seeks to communicate.  

Tenorio’s life work thus resists translation and a clear-cut division regarding language. As with many multilingual academic writers, not only do the topics and types of publication differ from English and his native tongue, they are also separate tracks of thought. These tracks clashed recently in two published books. In Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea, Tenorio traces the origins of the idea of “Latin America” and not Latinoamérica, which is a different thing. The term feels more at home in English, and against Tenorio’s prediction that the concept would vanish along racial theory, it will not go anywhere in the near future. As a teaching engine, as a category used by consultants and regional experts clinging to the existence of their imagined region, as an identity marker for academic studies, or as a pristine border between north and south, “Latin America” will endure. Tenorio proposes then to use its power against it: to keep it as a moving target for critique, exploration, and reinvention. Every attempt to destroy it builds something new.^[9] The second book makes the clash more explicit. Clio’s Laws collects a series of essays written originally in Spanish. While these texts remain untranslatable for Tenorio, the project inspired both hope and terror in him—an experiment he could not refuse. Reviewers will say if Tenorio’s voice in Spanish, the rusticity and playfulness of his erudite prose, made its way into the translation. I believe it does, as it did in the popular music chapter of his Latin America, but I’ve read both tracks. Perhaps that judgment is forbidden to me too.

Far from those crossroads, Tenorio started another untranslatable online project, an experiment in philology: his Vocabulario de mexicanismos.^[10] The challenge of describing it here lies not only in the words he explores—amarchantarse, apapachar, achicopalarse, mamón, naco—but also in the shape of the entries. They do not read like definitions, etymologies, or explanations. The Vocabulario elucidates and elicits meaning by weaving in with anecdotes, memories, homages. They read like essays, like walks through the words. For instance, and I hope he will forgive me, the entry on achicopalarse begins:

The Diccionario de la Real Academia Española—which doesn’t bother to define Indian things—considers “achicopalarse” a Mexican and Central American word that plainly means “to shrink.” Nothing more. Since the word is not theirs, they do not feel it, that is enough for academics. For don Joaquín García Icazbalceta, however, the word meant much more: “to swoop, to be discouraged, to be excessively saddened, may apply to animals and even plants (Vocabulario de mejicanismos, 1899).^[11]

As I translate those words, the riddle and journey they tried to evoke disappear. I write them down to navigate the blurred yet still real boundary that separates these two tracks of thought, these styles of thinking and putting it on paper. Too many words in italics are usually a sign of trouble.

Beyond the concrete histories and arguments Tenorio makes in his books, the bulk of his work offers broader lessons on the worlds between history and language. While he feels uncomfortable with the label of global history, his work crosses national boundaries because the subjects demand it. The city, the nation, world fairs, war, and language, they are all objects scattered across place and time. This more-than-national approach allows some apparently impossible mergers: Mexico City and Washington D.C. at the turn of the twentieth century; the myths of Buenos Aires and Mexican legends; Brazilian, Spanish, and American histories. But it also exacts knowing these histories and showing their specificity. Things do not care to fit in methods or frameworks. And to follow them rigorously, one needs to become more-than-national.

Perhaps it is late for disclaimers, but foolish honesty prevails. I tried to write an overview of Tenorio’s work, an introduction. Against my better judgment, however, I ended up implicating myself and wrote something closer to what philologist Antonio Alatorre called estampas: imprints or vignettes of a shared story.^[12] The student defeated the professional reviewer in me. Not because my personal experience matters in any way to showcase the rigor, scope, and importance of Tenorio’s work, but because of an endemic problem that I am not the first to encounter: when we write about our teachers, we are always writing about ourselves.

Mauricio Tenorio will participate as keynote speaker in the 2022 Lozano Long Conference in honor of the centennial of the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection: “Archiving Objects of Knowledge with Latin American Perspectives.” The conference will be held in a hybrid format, allowing participants to attend regardless of their location.

Rodrigo Salido Moulinié writes, photographs, and is a doctoral student in History at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is a Fulbright-García Robles Scholar and a Contex Doctoral Fellow. In 2018, nexos awarded his essay “Testigo (in)voluntario: la muerte de Kevin Carter” the Carlos Pereyra Essay Prize. His work explores the interconnections between the histories of photography, science, and anthropology. It traces the tensions between the making of ethnography and the development of new visual methods of representing otherness—photography, painting, sketching, and writing. His first book, El pasado que me espera: bosquejo de etnografía cinemática (Mexico City: Bonilla Artigas, in press), explores the politics and poetics of ethnographic representations of religious beliefs with the case of Santa Muerte.

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^[1] Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, I Speak of the City: Mexico at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2012, pp. 22-24.

^[2] Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, A flor de pie, Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, 2020, p. 19.

^[3] Tenorio attributes this conclusion to one of the Laws of History he once transcribed. Herodes’ Law: “In history, everything turns out badly in the long run.” Evil comes, it is just a matter of time. See “The Laws of History,” in his book Clio’s Laws: On History and Language, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2019.

^[4] Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, La paz: 1876, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2018. Fernando Escalante tried to steer me away from it months before that morning in Chimalistac, but my stubbornness prevailed. I thank him here for letting me take my own crooked road.

^[5] “Llegar a saber,” in his book Culturas y memoria: manual para ser historiador, México, Tusquets, 2012.

^[6] Ibid., p. 40.

^[7] “Juanga,” Nexos, October 1, 2016, available at https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=29708. Tenorio contributes regularly to Nexos and other publications in Spanish as essayist and public historian. A selection of his published work is available here (https://history.uchicago.edu/sites/history.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/2020%20Tenorio%20Mauricio%20Resume.pdf).

^[8] Music Matters Series (https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/series/music-matters).

^[9] Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2019. For a previous essay along the same lines but with different results, see his Argucias de la historia: siglo XIX, cultura y “América Latina,” Barcelona, Paidós, 1999.

^[10] Vocabulario de mexicanismos (https://mauriciotenorio.net/).

^[11] “achicopalarse,” in ibid., https://mauriciotenorio.net/achicopalarse/.

^[12] Antonio Alatorre, Estampas, México, El Colegio de México, 2012.

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The views and opinions expressed in this article or video are those of the individual author(s) or presenter(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the editors at Not Even Past, the UT Department of History, the University of Texas at Austin, or the UT System Board of Regents. Not Even Past is an online public history magazine rather than a peer-reviewed academic journal. While we make efforts to ensure that factual information in articles was obtained from reliable sources, Not Even Past is not responsible for any errors or omissions. 

by María José Pérez Sián

In honor of the centennial of the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, the 2022 Lozano Long Conference focuses on archives with Latin American perspectives in order to better visualize the ethical and political implications of archival practices globally. The conference was held in February 2022 and the videos of all the presentation will be available soon. Thinking archivally in a time of COVID-19 has also given us an unexpected opportunity to re-imagine the international academic conference. This Not Even Past publication joins those by other graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin.  The series as a whole is designed to engage with the work of individual speakers as well as to present valuable resources that will supplement the conference’s recorded presentations. This new conference model, which will make online resources freely and permanently available, seeks to reach audiences beyond conference attendees in the hopes of decolonizing and democratizing access to the production of knowledge. The conference recordings and connected articles can be found here.

En el marco del homenaje al centenario de la Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, la Conferencia Lozano Long 2022 propició un espacio de reflexión sobre archivos latinoamericanos desde un pensamiento latinoamericano con el propósito de entender y conocer las contribuciones de la región a las prácticas archivísticas globales, así como las responsabilidades éticas y políticas que esto implica. Pensar en términos de archivística en tiempos de COVID-19 también nos brindó la imprevista oportunidad de re-imaginar la forma en la que se llevan a cabo conferencias académicas internacionales. Como parte de esta propuesta, esta publicación de Not Even Past se junta a las otras de la serie escritas por estudiantes de posgrado en la Universidad de Texas en Austin. En ellas los estudiantes resaltan el trabajo de las y los panelistas invitados a la conferencia con el objetivo de socializar el material y así descolonizar y democratizar el acceso a la producción de conocimiento. La conferencia tuvo lugar en febrero de 2022 pero todas las presentaciones, así como las grabaciones de los paneles están archivados en YouTube de forma permanente y pronto estarán disponibles las traducciones al inglés y español respectivamente. Las grabaciones de la conferencia y los artículos relacionados se pueden encontrar aquí.

Gustavo Meoño Brenner is originally from Guatemala City. Throughout most of his life, he has contributed to the construction of alternatives to the economic, political and social inequalities that plague Guatemalan society. From 2005 to 2018, he took part in a collective effort to rescue the Historical Archive of the Guatemalan National Police, an unprecedented archival record of police activity in Guatemala during more than a century. Because of his decade-long experience at the head of a broad network of collaborators working to save this archive in a very complex local context, Gustavo Meoño Brenner has been invited to speak at the Lozano Long Conference entitled “Archiving Objects of Knowledge with Latin American Perspectives” to be held in February 2022. ^[1]

A collective effort

The discovery of the National Police Archive in 2005 took many sectors of Guatemalan society by surprise since government and police authorities had denied its existence for decades. These same authorities also denied access to police archives to investigators of the UN-backed Truth Commission and other institutions that resulted from the Guatemalan Peace Accords in the late 1990s.^[2] Once identified, legal guardianship over the archive’s contents was accorded to the Office of Guatemala’s Human Rights Ombudsman. In September 2005, Gustavo Meoño assumed the responsibility of coordinating work intended to salvage more than a century of abandoned state archival materials.

The task of processing and safeguarding this archive was enormous, but, from the beginning, a broad network of individuals and human rights organizations joined forces to protect the integrity of the documents and save them from imminent destruction. In the end, as Meoño states, the archive was opened and made accessible in part because of the widely-shared idea that “the advanced state of deterioration of the archive and the ongoing process of destruction of many documents would make their rescue impossible.”

The network created to salvage the archive included national and international allies who contributed their knowledge and advice to a local team of archivists willing to debate, train, and educate themselves on appropriate and timely conservation methods. Links with researchers and academics, such as Dr. Kate Doyle and Dr. Trudy Huskamp Peterson, were extremely beneficial, as was the exchange of experiences with personnel from the Police Archive of the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina, and the Judiciary Archive in Guatemala. As a result, and despite limited material and technical resources, the National Police Historical Archive became an innovative archival training ground for more than a decade.

Over thirteen years, Guatemalan archivists implemented and standardized archival processes to conserve and organize physical documents. This process helped to restore the institutional order in which the National Police had produced the documentation, and to implement a process of digital reprography that allowed the digitization of nearly 23 million pages of documents. Many of these documents have been made available in the United States by the University of Texas at Austin through a 2011 agreement with the Archive related to the exchange of technical expertise between the two institutions, as well as research, legal and academic protocols and capacity-building. The agreement is crucial to the study of state archives and human rights in Central America.  

In addition to providing public access to documentation, the archive team established a series of services due to the specific needs of the Guatemalan context. They created an analysis service to explain the documents and their institutional origin that also included information on the police’s organizational structure, including dependencies, precinct jurisdictions, and units. Another service rendered expert findings concerning specific archival documents presented before Guatemalan courts prosecuting human rights violators. Archive researchers and investigators, including Velia Muralles, Ada Melgar, and Gabriela Sigüenza, have provided and continue to provide expert testimony in fourteen legal proceedings brought against former police and military officials in which “their expert opinion is presented as a technical argument and the police documents as evidence” by the prosecution.

Groundbreaking publications

During the time that Gustavo Meoño coordinated the Archive, the team under his direction compiled a partial institutional history of Guatemala’s National Police in fourteen volumes, published between 2010 and 2018. Historian Emy Morán and the Archive’s investigations service, directed by Claudia Estrada, coordinated and edited the first ten volumes related to the functions and evolution over time of police structures and dependencies. Dr. Patrick Ball coordinated the eleventh volume, a quantitative analysis that offers statistical findings on the points of origin and destination of sampled police documents, their year of publication, level of legibility, and the working relation they illustrate between the police and military. The twelfth volume addresses preliminary research findings pertaining to the criminalization of the LGBTQI+ population.

The last two volumes, one of which was co-published with the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO), Guatemala, deal with issues related to the General Staff of the Presidential Guard, the legal authentication of confidential military documents originating from the Army General Staff, the criminal liability of former National Police officials for past human rights violations, and the creation of ad-hoc criminal tribunals in 1982 and 1983 to punish acts of sedition under the military dictatorship of General Efraín Ríos Montt. More generally, the fourteen volumes published by the National Police Archive contain valuable information from a very unique repository created by an institution meant to surveil and control Guatemalan society in the context of a counter subversive war, in the process committing grave and lasting offenses against the population.

In 2018, the Guatemalan government severely curtailed public access to police documents and dismissed archive workers. A series of legal complaints were also filed against Gustavo Meoño and other individuals responsible for the Archive’s rescue and administration. Despite these setbacks, Gustavo Meoño’s contributions to the fields of human rights and historical memory remain relevant both in Guatemala and beyond. He is currently responsible for coordinating Memory and Human Rights initiatives for the Democracy Foundation in Rosario, Argentina.

At present in Guatemala, the daily operations of the Police Archive are irregular and public access to police documents is deficient. For this reason, the collection of Guatemalan National Police documents at the University of Texas at Austin is of great importance for students of Latin America. It includes additional information from the Social Welfare Secretariat of the Presidency pertaining to adoptions of Guatemalan children during different military governments, as well as digitized information from Guatemala´s National Newspaper Library. In summary, the digital collection of the Guatemalan National Police at UT is a valuable primary source from which many new research possibilities can and will emerge.

María José Pérez Sián has a B.A. degree in Anthropology from the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC). She holds a Master’s degree in Social Sciences and Humanities from the Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica (CESMECA) of the Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH). Her main lines of research are violence and genocide, feminisms, bodies and sexualities, and transitional justice. She is currently a doctoral student in the Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin where she is researching the criminalization of sexual dissidence in the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive.

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^[1] Much of the content for this article comes from interviews conducted with Gustavo Meoño Brenner on 28-29 October 2021, and Velia Muralles on 7 November 2021.

^[2] Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH), Guatemala, memoria del silencio (Guatemala: Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos de las Naciones Unidas (UNOPS), 1999).

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Reference note

From 2010 to 2018, the National Police Historical Archive of Guatemala published the following fourteen volumes, ten of which are accessible through UT’s LLILAS Benson Digital Collections: https://ahpn.lib.utexas.edu/related_resources. The author wishes to thank Daniel Barczay, former researcher at the Archive, for his help in tracking down the last four volumes of the collection.

La Policía Nacional y sus Estructuras (Guatemala: AHPN, 2010).

Del Silencio a la Memoria: Revelaciones del Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional (Guatemala: AHPN, 2011).

Dirección General de la Policía Nacional, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2011).

Inspectoría General de la Policía Nacional, 1975- 1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2011).

Gabinete de Identificación de la Policía Nacional, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2011).

Jefatura de la Policía Nacional en el Departamento de Quetzaltenango, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2011).

Centro de Operaciones Conjuntas de la Policía Nacional, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2012).

Departamento de Investigaciones Criminológicas de la Policía Nacional, 1968-1986 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2012).

Segundo Cuerpo de la Policía Nacional, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2012).

Cuarto Cuerpo de la Policía Nacional, 1975-1985 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2012).

Testigos del Tiempo. Archivos y Derechos Humanos (Guatemala: AHPN/ FLACSO, 2013).

Una mirada al Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional a partir de un estudio cuantitativo. Guía para el Usuario (Guatemala: AHPN/ HRDAG, 2016).

La Criminalización de la Población LGTBI en los Registros Policiales, 1960-1990 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2018).

Casos de Víctimas de los Tribunales de Fuero Especial en los Expedientes Policiales, 1982-1983 (Guatemala: AHPN, 2018).

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